Azulejo is a form of Portuguese and Spanish painted, tin-glazed, ceramic tilework. These tiles are typically used to decorate walls, floors, ceilings, and other surfaces, and they are an integral part of the cultural and artistic heritage of Portugal. The word "azulejo" is derived from the Arabic word "al zellige," which refers to a small, polished stone.

Key characteristics of Portuguese Azulejos:

1. History: Azulejos have a long history in Portugal, dating back to the 13th century when the Moors introduced this form of tilework to the Iberian Peninsula. Over the centuries, the art of azulejo evolved, incorporating various influences, including Moorish, Gothic, Renaissance, and Baroque styles.
2. Designs and Patterns: Azulejos are renowned for their intricate and vibrant designs. Traditional patterns often include geometric shapes, floral motifs, and scenes from daily life or historical events. The tiles are known for their rich blue and white color palette, although other colors are also used.
3. Narrative Tiles: Some azulejos tell stories or convey messages, depicting historical events, religious scenes, or tales from literature. These narrative tiles often adorn public buildings, churches, and palaces, providing both decoration and cultural significance.
4. Architectural Integration: Azulejos are commonly used to cover entire facades of buildings, interior walls, and even floors. They serve not only as decorative elements but also as a means of regulating temperature in buildings, providing insulation in hot weather and retaining heat in cooler seasons.
5. Major Production Centers: Portugal has several historical centers known for their production of azulejos. The city of Lisbon, in particular, is renowned for its azulejo-covered buildings and historic tiles found in places like the São Jorge Castle. Other cities with notable azulejo heritage include Porto, Sintra, and Coimbra.
6. Contemporary Applications: While traditional azulejos continue to be produced, contemporary artists and designers have also embraced this form of ceramic art. Modern applications may include innovative designs and the use of azulejos in various artistic projects.
7. Restoration and Preservation: Efforts are made to preserve and restore historic azulejos, especially those on older buildings and monuments. There is recognition of the cultural and artistic significance of azulejos, and organizations work to protect and promote this unique heritage.

The use of azulejos is not limited to Portugal; it has also influenced tilework in other regions, including Spain, Latin America, and even the Middle East. The artistry and craftsmanship of Portuguese azulejos continue to captivate locals and tourists alike, providing a visual narrative of the country's rich history and cultural identity.

The use of azulejos on building facades serves both practical and aesthetic purposes, making it a distinctive and culturally significant architectural feature in Portugal. Here are several reasons why azulejos are commonly used on facades:

1. Climatic Adaptability: Azulejos provide insulation and help regulate the temperature inside buildings. In hot weather, the ceramic tiles can reflect sunlight, reducing heat absorption and keeping interiors cooler. Conversely, in colder weather, azulejos can contribute to retaining heat.
2. Durability: Ceramic tiles, including azulejos, are known for their durability and resistance to weathering. By covering the exterior surfaces with azulejos, buildings can withstand exposure to the elements, including rain and wind, over an extended period without significant deterioration.
3. Decorative Element: Azulejos are highly decorative and add aesthetic value to buildings. The intricate patterns, vibrant colors, and artistic designs contribute to the visual appeal of the facade, turning it into a work of art. These tiles often depict historical or cultural themes, telling a visual story about the building and its surroundings.
4. Cultural Identity: Azulejos are an integral part of Portuguese cultural heritage. The use of these tiles on facades reflects a connection to tradition, history, and local craftsmanship. Buildings adorned with azulejos become iconic representations of Portuguese identity and artistic expression.
5. Customization and Personalization: Azulejos allow for a high degree of customization. Builders and homeowners can choose specific patterns, colors, and designs to suit their preferences or convey a particular narrative. This customization enhances the uniqueness of each building.
6. Preservation of Historic Buildings: Azulejos are often used in the restoration and preservation of historic buildings. By replicating or replacing damaged tiles with replicas that adhere to traditional designs, conservationists can maintain the authenticity of architectural elements while ensuring the longevity of the structure.
7. Symbolism and Communication: The patterns and motifs on azulejos may carry symbolic meaning or convey messages. These tiles can depict religious scenes, historical events, or cultural themes, serving as a form of visual communication that adds depth and significance to the building's facade.
8. Tourist Attraction: The use of azulejos on facades has become a distinctive feature of Portuguese architecture. As a result, buildings adorned with these tiles often attract tourists who appreciate the unique and visually striking nature of azulejo-covered facades.

Overall, the use of azulejos on building facades in Portugal reflects a harmonious blend of practicality, cultural identity, and artistic expression. It has become a defining characteristic of Portuguese architecture, contributing to the country's rich cultural landscape.

The design of azulejos, the traditional Portuguese ceramic tiles, is characterized by intricate patterns, vibrant colors, and often symbolic or narrative elements. The design of these tiles has evolved over centuries, drawing inspiration from various cultural and artistic influences. Here are some key aspects of the design of Portuguese azulejos:

1. Geometric Patterns: Many azulejo designs feature geometric patterns, such as arabesques, interlocking shapes, and tessellations. These patterns are often arranged in repetitive and symmetrical arrangements, creating a visually appealing and harmonious effect.
2. Floral Motifs: Azulejos frequently incorporate floral motifs, including stylized representations of flowers, leaves, and vines. These natural elements add a sense of organic beauty to the tiles and are reminiscent of the influence of Moorish and Islamic art.
3. Blue and White Palette: Traditionally, azulejos are characterized by a color palette dominated by shades of blue and white. The use of cobalt blue on a white background is a hallmark of Portuguese azulejo design. This color combination not only provides a timeless elegance but also reflects the influence of Chinese porcelain that arrived in Europe via Portuguese trade routes.
4. Narrative Scenes: Some azulejo designs tell stories or depict scenes from historical events, religious narratives, or daily life. These narrative tiles are often found in panels or series, creating a visual storytelling element on walls.
5. Azulejos Facade: These are large, decorative panels that cover entire building facades. The designs on azulejos de fachada often include a combination of geometric patterns, floral elements, and sometimes figurative scenes. These panels contribute to the overall aesthetic of a building, turning it into a visually striking piece of art.
6. Majolica Technique: The traditional technique of creating azulejos involves tin-glazing, a process known as majolica. This technique allows for a smooth, white glaze on which intricate designs can be painted. The glaze not only enhances the colors but also protects the tile from environmental elements.
7. Influence of Tilework Schools: Different tilework schools and workshops throughout Portugal have contributed to diverse styles and designs. For example, the Lisbon, Porto, and Coimbra schools each have their own unique characteristics and design elements.
8. Contemporary Adaptations: While traditional designs are still highly popular, contemporary artists and designers have adapted the concept of azulejos to create modern and innovative patterns. These may include abstract designs, bold color choices, and experimentation with new materials.
9. Customization: Azulejos allow for a high degree of customization. Clients can work with artisans to create bespoke designs that suit their preferences, whether it's a unique pattern for a single tile or a larger mural for a specific space.

The design of Portuguese azulejos reflects a rich blend of historical influences, cultural symbolism, and a commitment to craftsmanship. This art form continues to evolve, with contemporary interpretations adding new dimensions to this traditional ceramic tilework.